Great interpretation of mesenteric arterial supply
http://www.google.com.hk/imgres?imgurl=http://www.healthsystem.virginia.edu/internet/vascular/images/il_mad_mesenteric_arteries.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.healthsystem.virginia.edu/internet/vascular/docs/facts/mad.html&usg=__8FguBIppx6kFvBtRR7MDdOQ4DIA=&h=451&w=500&sz=81&hl=zh-TW&start=1&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=bam8IskmshyrsM:&tbnh=117&tbnw=130&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dmesenteric%2Barteries%26um%3D1%26hl%3Dzh-TW%26tbs%3Disch:1
2010年6月30日 星期三
2010年6月21日 星期一
Warfarin LMWH Vitmine K
These are wonderful sites, Daytonite! Thank you so much for sharing.
PT/PTT are laboratory tests that measure the clotting time (how long it takes blood to clot.)
PT/PTT are blood tests and INR is a ratio calculated from the PT.
At least a dozen blood proteins, or blood clotting factors, are needed to clot blood and stop bleeding (coagulation).
Prothrombin, or factor II, is one of several clotting factors produced by the liver. Prothrombin time (PT) measures the presence and activity of five different blood clotting factors (factors I, II, V, VII, and X). This test measures the integrity of the extrinsic and common pathways of coagulation. The prothrombin time (PT) measures the clotting time from the activation of factor VII through the formation of the fibrin clot. Adequate amounts of vitamin K are needed to produce prothrombin. Warfarin (Coumadin) is sometimes prescribed as a "blood thinner" because it is an effective vitamin K antagonist (blocks the formation of vitamin K).
The activated partial thromboplastin time (PTT) measures the function of several other clotting factors, found in the intrinsic and common blood clotting pathways. It measures the clotting time from the activation of factor XII through the formation of the fibrin clot. PTT prolongations are caused by factor deficiencies (factors VIII, IX, XI, and/or XII), or inhibitors (most commonly, heparin). Heparin prevents clotting by blocking certain factors in the intrinsic pathway.
PTT and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) are basically the same thing. The aPTT has largely replaced the older PTT, which was unable to incorporate variables in surface/contact time: http://www.rnceus.com/coag/coagptt.html
PT is used to monitor treatment with warfarin (Coumadin). Once warfarin is discontinued, it usually takes several days to clear it from the system. The PTT test allows the provider to check that there is enough heparin in the blood to prevent clotting, but not so much as to cause bleeding. Once heparin is discontinued, its blood-thinning effects usually only last a few hours.
The greater the PT/PTT values, the longer it takes the blood to clot. HIGH PT/PTT = risk for BLEEDING. LOW PT/PTT = risk for blood clots/ stroke.
The INR stands for International Normalized Ratio. The INR is calculated from the PT and is intended to allow valid comparisons of results regardless of the type of PT reagent used among different laboratories (INR = [patient PT / mean normal PT]). The INR is a method of standardizing the PT for coumadin anticoagulation. Before the INR, different labs using different reagents had different controls and widely differing PT value ranges.
An INR of 1 means the blood clots "normally" for that pt. The greater the INR, the longer it takes the blood to clot.
The warfarin (Coumadin) dosage for people being treated to prevent the formation of blood clots is usually adjusted so that the prothrombin time is about 1.5 to 2.5 times the normal value (or INR values 2 to 3). A patient may take warfarin to anticoagulate for atrial fibrillation (target INR around 2.5) or for a mechanical heart valve (target INR 3). An INR of 3 means the blood takes about three times as long to clot compared with the normal value for that pt.
Which value, PT or PTT, does heparin influence?
Which one does coumadin?
Stumped?
You can find the right answer by counting to 10:
- - - - - - - - - - = 10
H E P A R I N (7 letters) + 3 (PTT) = 10
C O U M A D I N (8 letters) + 2 (PT) = 10
Here's another one:
What is the antidote for heparin overdose?
Protamine sulfate (just remember P M S)
What is the antidote for too much Coumadin?
Vitamin K (just remember the hard "C" at the beginning of coumadin!)
PT/PTT are laboratory tests that measure the clotting time (how long it takes blood to clot.)
PT/PTT are blood tests and INR is a ratio calculated from the PT.
At least a dozen blood proteins, or blood clotting factors, are needed to clot blood and stop bleeding (coagulation).
Prothrombin, or factor II, is one of several clotting factors produced by the liver. Prothrombin time (PT) measures the presence and activity of five different blood clotting factors (factors I, II, V, VII, and X). This test measures the integrity of the extrinsic and common pathways of coagulation. The prothrombin time (PT) measures the clotting time from the activation of factor VII through the formation of the fibrin clot. Adequate amounts of vitamin K are needed to produce prothrombin. Warfarin (Coumadin) is sometimes prescribed as a "blood thinner" because it is an effective vitamin K antagonist (blocks the formation of vitamin K).
The activated partial thromboplastin time (PTT) measures the function of several other clotting factors, found in the intrinsic and common blood clotting pathways. It measures the clotting time from the activation of factor XII through the formation of the fibrin clot. PTT prolongations are caused by factor deficiencies (factors VIII, IX, XI, and/or XII), or inhibitors (most commonly, heparin). Heparin prevents clotting by blocking certain factors in the intrinsic pathway.
PTT and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) are basically the same thing. The aPTT has largely replaced the older PTT, which was unable to incorporate variables in surface/contact time: http://www.rnceus.com/coag/coagptt.html
PT is used to monitor treatment with warfarin (Coumadin). Once warfarin is discontinued, it usually takes several days to clear it from the system. The PTT test allows the provider to check that there is enough heparin in the blood to prevent clotting, but not so much as to cause bleeding. Once heparin is discontinued, its blood-thinning effects usually only last a few hours.
The greater the PT/PTT values, the longer it takes the blood to clot. HIGH PT/PTT = risk for BLEEDING. LOW PT/PTT = risk for blood clots/ stroke.
The INR stands for International Normalized Ratio. The INR is calculated from the PT and is intended to allow valid comparisons of results regardless of the type of PT reagent used among different laboratories (INR = [patient PT / mean normal PT]). The INR is a method of standardizing the PT for coumadin anticoagulation. Before the INR, different labs using different reagents had different controls and widely differing PT value ranges.
An INR of 1 means the blood clots "normally" for that pt. The greater the INR, the longer it takes the blood to clot.
The warfarin (Coumadin) dosage for people being treated to prevent the formation of blood clots is usually adjusted so that the prothrombin time is about 1.5 to 2.5 times the normal value (or INR values 2 to 3). A patient may take warfarin to anticoagulate for atrial fibrillation (target INR around 2.5) or for a mechanical heart valve (target INR 3). An INR of 3 means the blood takes about three times as long to clot compared with the normal value for that pt.
Which value, PT or PTT, does heparin influence?
Which one does coumadin?
Stumped?
You can find the right answer by counting to 10:
- - - - - - - - - - = 10
H E P A R I N (7 letters) + 3 (PTT) = 10
C O U M A D I N (8 letters) + 2 (PT) = 10
Here's another one:
What is the antidote for heparin overdose?
Protamine sulfate (just remember P M S)
What is the antidote for too much Coumadin?
Vitamin K (just remember the hard "C" at the beginning of coumadin!)
Protain C & S in anticoagulation
http://intmedweb.wfubmc.edu/grand_rounds/2003/coumadindoc_files/image006.jpg
http://intmedweb.wfubmc.edu/grand_rounds/2003/coumadindoc_files/image006.jpg
http://intmedweb.wfubmc.edu/grand_rounds/2003/coumadindoc_files/image006.jpg
2010年6月19日 星期六
Hairy cell in Hairy Cell leukemia
http://www.google.com.hk/imgres?imgurl=http://www.wadsworth.org/chemheme/heme/microscope/pix/hairycell_nw.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.wadsworth.org/chemheme/heme/microscope/hairycell.htm&usg=__THduWBonuaZk2DcWgqiwNrlRRiU=&h=311&w=400&sz=14&hl=zh-TW&start=2&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=oLfGJbUpRs2UdM:&tbnh=96&tbnw=124&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dhairy%2Bcell%26um%3D1%26hl%3Dzh-TW%26sa%3DN%26tbs%3Disch:1
2010年6月18日 星期五
hexose monophosphate shunt
http://www.google.com.hk/imgres?imgurl=http://www.pnas.org/content/103/7/2226/F1.large.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.pnas.org/content/103/7/2226/F1.expansion.html&h=1280&w=1131&sz=143&tbnid=jumFG5TQ7Phy2M:&tbnh=150&tbnw=133&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dhexose%2Bmonophosphate%2Bshunt&hl=zh-TW&usg=__hk_Mi_08dJi_Ch5M5mp2hxsr4sk=&sa=X&ei=nkAcTICBKo7CccPgtIwN&ved=0CDUQ9QEwBQ
Fig. 1.
Schematic representations of the oxidative part of the hexose–monophosphate shunt and relevant sources of oxidative load (A) and the simplified reaction network that captures the essential features of these pathways (B) (see Supporting Text section 1 for details) and that is used in our analysis. Cat, catalase; G6P, glucose 6-phosphate; GL6P, gluconolactone 6-phosphate; Glc, glucose; GO6P, gluconate 6-phosphate; G6PD, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase; GO6PD, gluconate-6-phosphate dehydrogenase; GRX, glutaredoxin; GSH, reduced glutathione; GSSG, oxidized glutathione; GPx, glutathione peroxidase; GSR, glutathione reductase; HbSH, hemoglobin; HbSSG, glutathionyl-hemoglobin; HK, hexokinase; SOD, superoxide dismutase.
訂閱：
文章 (Atom)